Princeton University

Princeton University was founded in 1746 and is really exclusive institution. It has an overall total basic enrolment associated with 8014(2013) and its establishing will be suburban and along with the campus dimensions will be approximately 1000 acres. Its ranking inside the 2014 version associated with Ideal Institutions will be Nation's Universities, ranking 1stposition.Its tuition charges is$40, 170 (2013-14).

Princeton University's is the fourth-oldest college or university in the states which is located in NJ-new jersey your sounds community associated with Princeton. Inside the walls associated with it is historical ivy-covered campus, it delivers numerous activities.  Additionally, the actual Princeton Tigers, students from the Ivy League, always are popular because of their consistently sturdy men's and also females' lacrosse teams. Princeton's unofficial slogan has been recorded as 'In the nation's Assistance and also inside the Assistance of most International locations and inches articulates for the university's responsibility to be able to group services'. 

It has an excellence overflow of international students.

Application requirement for international students to enroll,

 Must have a completed application form. 

 Must have Princeton's writing supplement to the Common Application

 Must have Princeton’s Supplement to the Universal College Application

 Must have two teacher recommendations.

 Must have aSchool Report (SR) and transcript

 Must have a mid-year school report.

 Must have SAT Reasoning Test or ACT.

 Must have SAT Subject Tests.

 Must have TOEFL scores but  You are not required to take the TOEFL if English is your native language.  Additionally, if you have spent at least three years at a secondary school where English is the primary language of instruction.

Cost and financial aids:

 Princeton provides approximately 60% of students receive financial aid

 Princeton provides No Loans

 Princeton provides an average grant of over $40,000

 Princeton provides 75% of student's graduate debt free

 Princeton provides $131 million grants to student in 2014-15.

Princeton provides a reasonable expected contribution from students and their parents

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)

The soul of Massachusetts Institute of Technology is research, impelling information and teaches understudies in science, designing and art. For more than 150 years, it has brought together teaching, scientific studies to produce a series of advancement and engineering. Those, many of advancement are world class challenge and it has marked its advanced study in technology such as, genetic engineering and arts. It seeks to develop each member of MIT community the ability and passion to work wisely, effectively and creatively for the betterment of humankind.

Since after its incorporation in 1861, it has upheld its abiding commitment to advanced knowledge and educates students in technology, science and other related areas of scholarship. Along with it has culture of inclusion that supports and learns from the diverse skill and perspectives that exist in its community and in society. Massachusetts supports student growth by providing opportunities to bond, expand and grow and along with step outside a given worldview in order to appreciate diverse life experience.

Application Deadlines

	U.S.	International
Fall Semester	May 1	May 1
Spring Semester	November 1	November 1

Note:  Always Spring semesters start in February and fall semesters start in September.

Tuition and Fees

At first $75.00 non-refundable application fee should be deposit. It can be either send through check or money order payable to MIT Advanced Study Program

 - It has full-time tuition of $25,164 (covering between 36-48 units/credits) for each semester for 2014-2015

 - If you are accepted into the program, then tuition is due upon receipt of your invoice

It provides the following degree,

Bachelor of Science (SB)
Master of Architecture (MArch)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Master in City Planning (MCP) 
Master of Engineering (MEng)
Master of Finance (MFin)
Master of Science (SM)
Engineer (each degree designates the field in which it is awarded)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Doctor of Science (ScD)

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Harvard University

It is the first intuition of higher learning established in the united stated in 1636.It has Founded in 1636.Harvard University celebrates its  375th anniversary through a year-long celebration featuring a range  of activities. Such as, academic events, lectures, symposia and exhibits from 2011-2012 and it is looking toward the future. Harvard University is on the cutting edge of exploring new educational platforms with the foundation of the MOOC and is co-founded with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It offers university-level classes online with no charge and is free of cost. Harvard University  has pioneered everything from organ transplant surgery to the catcher’s mask.
 It invests $166 million in financial aid per year and 70% increased from 2007.It it the pride of the colleges because in total, Harvard’s faculty and alumni have won 46 Nobel Prizes .Harvard University's list of notable attendees includes U.S. President Barrack Obama, along with Microsoft founder Bill Gates and Facebook cofounder Mark Zuckerberg,. Additionally,actress Natalie Portman along with U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon and NBA star Jeremy LinIt is true that,currently, Harvard has around 10,300 undergraduate students and approximately 17,000 graduate students. Its teams are known as The Crimson as itcompetes in NCAA Division I-AA athletics. Power Woman Drew Gilpin Faust was FORBES No. 43 current president of the university.
Let's have a glance at once about Harvard University;
• Current Student Population: 27,400
• Current Undergraduate Population:10,300
• Current Student to Faculty Ratioa: 7
• Current Total Annual Costc:$57,070
• Current In-State Tuitionc: $40,000
• Current Out-of-State Tuitionc:$40,000
• Current Percent on Financial Aidd:81.0%
• Current Percent Admittede:6.0%
• Current SAT Composite Rangef: 1400-1600
• Current Forbes Financial Grade: A+

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northeast Wisconsin Technical college (greenway, Wisconsin)

It is a public Institution/ Non-Profit NWTC  and is a 2-year technical/community college located in green Bay, Wisconsin and is the third largest member of the Wisconsin Technical College System. Approximately 42,000 individuals come to NWTC annually to take advantage of over 100 degree, diploma, and apprenticeship programs, as well as more than 80 certificate options. Approximately 9,900 undergraduate students take courses in Business & information technology, health Studies, public Safety, and Trades & Engineering Technologies. Students can also transfer credits to University of Wisconsin institutions and other four-year colleges and universities. The College is accredited by the higher Learning Commission north Central Association. Each year, NWTC enrolls numerous international students from countries around the world. At NWtC’s main campus in green Bay, international students enjoy a balance between city living and scenic natural resources. They enjoy 4-seasons, outdoor activities in the beautiful Midwest region, surrounded by lakes, forests, and farmland. They experience real American culture and are welcome members of the community. With international students paying the same tuition rates as American students from outside the state of Wisconsin, NWTC is one of the more affordable options for international students studying in the United States. Full-time tuition for one year is less that $4,900 per year. Additionally, F-1 students are eligible for the NWTC Foundation Scholarship Awards, generally ranging from $500 - $1500 per semester.

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Shoreline community college (Shoreline, Washington)

It is a Public Institution/ Non-Profit Established in 1964, Shoreline Community College offers over 100 excellent academic and professional/technical programs to meet the lifelong learning needs of the community, dedicated faculty and staff is committed to the educational success of all students. It is almost Located 10 miles north of downtown Seattle, Shoreline. It is one of the most strikingly beautiful college campuses in Washington. Comparing among those native colleges, the campus has a brilliant of sea colors almost any season but especially during spring, summer and fall, when many flowering plants are in bloom. It has a strong reputation of providing excellence in education, quality student services and an affordable two-year degree program that allows for easy transfer to a four-year university. Every year, our graduates transfer to top universities across the United States including the University of Washington, University of Indiana, Michigan University, and University of Purdue, California University Berkeley University, California University, University of Los Angeles, Southern California University, York University of New York and many more.

At Shoreline, we provide each student with a high degree of personal attention. From the moment you step on campus, we have International Education staff and student leaders available to welcome you. Our award-winning International Student Orientation Program is designed to help answer your questions, as well as acclimate you to college and the beautiful city of Seattle.

Many students earn a two-year associate’s degree at Shoreline and then transfer directly to a four-year university to complete their remaining two years of study (2 years at Shoreline + 2 years at a university = bachelor’s degree). We also offer the option to complete your high school degree in America while you are getting your first two years of university. There are many advantages to attending Shoreline Community College, especially for international students include the following:

 • A comprehensive ESL program with six levels,

 • Individual assistance with academic and career planning,

 • Workshops with detailed information specifically designed for international students,

 • Expert help with immigration information and procedures, and

 • Social activities designed to help you make friends and have fun!

Nearly 10,000 students attend Shoreline Community College. Of this number, about 900 are international students representing over 40 different countries.

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State University of new york college. (Plattsburgh, new york)

State University of new york college at Plattsburgh (Plattsburgh, new york), it is a  public Institution/ Non-Profit The State University of New York (SUNY) College at Plattsburgh is a public, nationally accredited institution in northern New York State. SUNY Plattsburgh provides a hands-on education in a collaborative and friendly environment to students from over 60 countries. The university’s commitment to academic excellence is evident in its diverse academic programs, distinguished faculty, and cutting-edge research facilities. SUNY Plattsburgh offers bachelor’s degrees in more than 60 academic majors.

 Many of our international students are enrolled in one or more of the 11 programs offered in our AACSB-accredited School of Business and Economics. Programs in biology, chemistry, communication, the arts, and computer science are also popular. A distinguishing feature of SUNY Plattsburgh is the importance we place on practical-learning opportunities such as internships, clinical service, practicum placements, and on/off campus research. To complement these academic opportunities, our campus offers a vibrant array of student-run clubs and organizations, all of which foster a culture of inclusion, involvement, and exploration among our students. 

The setting of the SUNY Plattsburgh experience is the beautiful Lake Champlain region of New York, which features rugged mountains, beautiful waterways, and easy access to diverse and thriving cities such as Montreal, Canada and Burlington, Vermont. however, the college’s learning opportunities are certainly not limited to this region. Plattsburgh students can fulfill their degree requirements on every continent in the world through hundreds of different study abroad and exchange programs. All of these features make a SUNY Plattsburgh degree an exceptionally valuable one, particularly for international students, who are eligible for both need-based and merit-based scholarships that can cover up to one third of total enrollment costs. This affordable excellence has helped SUNY Plattsburgh become known around the world as a top choice for students seeking a high-value education

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North Dakota State University (Fargo, north dakota)

North Dakota State University (Fargo, north dakota)

Public Institution Emporia State University (ESU) was founded in 1863 as the first Teachers College of Kansas. More than 150 years later, ESU is an accredited, comprehensive university with over 6,000 students. Through the School of Business, Liberal Arts & Sciences, the Teachers College, and the School of Library and Information Management students can choose from over 100 academic programs. By studying in the “heart of America” international students are culturally immersed through interactions with American students and community members who enjoy providing support to international students. We are proud to provide international students with opportunities for merit, talent, country based, and athletic scholarships. Currently we have students from 53 countries represented on our campus. North Dakota State University has approximately 14,747 students in more than 100 undergraduate programs, 86 master’s degree programs, and 50 doctoral programs. As a land-grant institution, the university’s educational mission combines academic experiences in the field of arts,  social sciences with professional preparation in the sciences, humanities, mathematics, Agricultural science, engineering, architecture, business, photography,education, pharmacy, and human development and family science.

NDSU also offers the Intensive English Language Program (IELP) each fall, spring, and summer term to students who have completed a minimum of secondary school and wish to pursue higher education or improve English proficiency. Features of the IELP include: native English- speaking instructors, individual classroom instruction, and one- on-one tutoring program, access to all university activities and facilities, and option for conditional admission to an academic program.

NDSU is proud to offer over 15 cultural associations, 300 student organizations, individual academic advising and tutoring, career planning services, and a fitness center for all students as well. Global outreach (go) Ambassadors— current NDSU international and U.S. students—are also available to answer any non-admission related questions for prospective and current international students. Ambassadors share their experiences at NDSU online through travel journals and live video chats about activities and organizations, campus life and briefing how hard is to adjust to life in the U.S. and American culture and traditions.

NDSU is located in Fargo, North Dakota—a community of approximately 200,000 people. The community is a regional hub for arts, culture and recreation. Fargo combines the amenities of an urban area—a vibrant multicultural atmosphere, thriving arts community, numerous sporting events and concerts, many places to visit and shop—with the benefits of a small town—low crime and family-friendly neighborhoods.

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Luther College (Decorah, Iowa)

 It is a private Institution / Non-Profit and was Founded in 1861. It is four-year, university- level, and residential institution of 2,400 students. It is one of the most outstanding nationally-ranked colleges in the American Midwest. More than 60 majors, minors, and pre-professional programs leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree it provides.  It provides A Phi Beta Kappa chapter which is the most prestigious academic honors society found on only 10 percent of American college and university campuses—attests the academic excellence of the college. It was originally founded by Norwegian immigrants—and named for the 16th-century reformer, a Great Martin Luther—the college is affiliated with the Lutheran Church and welcomes students of all beliefs and backgrounds to its 1,000-acre (405-hectare) campus. Currently Luther welcomes nearly 150 international students (6 percent of the student population) from over 60 different countries to campus each year.  The Luther College is located in the Iowa state, Decorah a picturesque community of nearly energetic   8,500 people situated in the American heartland. Decorah is a true college town—friendly, cultured, eclectic, and safe. It’s the perfect place to spend four years.

At Luther, the liberal arts are the foundation on which students build their education. Following a tradition that dates back to the earliest universities, students broaden their knowledge of the world by studying the social and natural sciences, languages and literature, religion and philosophy, mathematics, and the fine arts. Luther students develop a breadth of knowledge through the college’s general requirements and a depth of knowledge through a chosen major. It mostly includes accounting, computer science, environmental studies business management, biology, chemistry, mathematics, nursing, physics and international studies.

Each year, hundreds of Luther students expand their worldviews—literally—through international study. Over 65 percent of students study abroad on yearlong, semester, January-term, or summer study experiences prior to graduation, ranking Luther among the top baccalaureate colleges and universities in the nation.

Life in the classroom is coupled with a very active life outside the classroom. Additionally, Students can choose to participate in one or more of over 120 different student organizations including music ensembles, athletic teams, volunteer service groups, political and advocacy associations, academic honors societies, and cultural and social groups.

In terms of athletics, over 20 percent of students participate in varsity athletics in 10 different sports for men and 9 for women. Luther athletes compete and win in one of the most competitive NCAA Division III conferences in the nation.

Each year, Luther awards a significant amount of scholarships and financial aid to international students. A typical academic award usually combines scholarships and grant money (which does not have to be repaid) with on-campus work (guaranteed to any international student who wishes to work on campus). The average amount of scholarships/financial aid awarded in 2014 was $27,000; the average work stipend for 12-13 hours of work per week was $3,000.

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How to find which equation is correct?

 Chemist can determine the equation for a reaction by measuring the masses of reactants and products. If any of the elements or compounds are gases then their relative amounts cab be found by measuring gas volume.

The aim of the experiment described here is to find out whether it is iron (II) sulfate or iron (III) that forms when iron displaces copper metal from a solution of copper (II) sulfate. If the product is the iron (II) compound then the equation is:

Fe(s) +cuSo4(aq)                      FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

1 mol                                                      1 mol

If, however the product id the iron (III) compound the equation is:

2Fe(s) +3CuSO4(aq)                                                              Fe2(SO)2(aq) + 3Cu(s)

2mol                                                                                                            2 mol

METHODS

Step: 1 add about 0.6 g iron filling to an empty basin from a weighing bottle. Then weigh the bottle again.

Step: 2 slowly add a warm solution of copper (II) sulfate and stir.

Step: 3 Weigh a dry filter paper and fold it to fit a funnel. Filter the contents of the basin using purified water to wash all the displaced copper into the funnel.

Step: 4 Wash the copper on the paper-first with purified water and then with prop none.

Step: 5 open out the filter paper. Allow it to dry in a warm oven. Weigh the filter paper and its contents.

NOTE:  Always check safety before carrying out any practical procedure is necessary.

REACTING QUANTITIES AND YIELDS

 In designing a procedure for making a chemical product, chemist aim to make each reaction as efficient as possible. Chemist uses the balanced equation for the reaction to decide on the quantities of reactants to start with. They also calculate the maximum yield that can be obtained in theory from the starting materials.

One of the reactants is likely to be more expensive or scarcer than the others so it is common to add the other reagents in excess. This helps to convert as much as possible of the more valuable chemical into the desired product.

CALCULATING YIELDS

 The theoretical yield for a synthesis is the mass of products expected assuming that the reaction goes according to the balanced chemical equation. We know that for calculating the percentage yield we have,

Percentage(%) yield = Actual yield / Theoretical yield * 100

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How to find a formula of Hydrated salt.

PURPOSE

The aim is to find the formula of a hydrated salt. This might, for example, involve finding the value of x in the formula of salts such as hydrated barium sulfate, BaSO4xH2O or hydrated iron (II) sulfate, FeSO4xH2O. This can be done by heating a measured sample of the salt to dryness and finding the loss in mass.

METHOD

 A lid is usually necessary in the early stages of heating to prevent the loss of crystal fragments while the bulk of the water is being driven off.

Step1: Weigh a crucible and lid. Place the planned quality of hydrated salt in the crucible and reweigh the hydrated salt, lid and crucible.

 Step2: Heat the crucible and its contents for about 10 minutes. Start heating gently and then more strongly. During the last minute of heating remove the cover so that any moisture which has collected on the underside of the cover can evaporate.

Step3: Allow the crucible to cool. Then reweigh the crucible, lid and contents.

Step4: Replace the cover and heat the crucible for 5 more minute, removing the cover during the last minute of heating as before cool and reweigh the crucible, lid and contents. This last mass should agree with the previous mass to within the accuracy of balance. If it does not, repeat this heating until a constant mass is reached.

Steps3 and 4 are repeated until the results shown that are all the water of crystallization has been driven off. Once this has happened the combined mass of the crucible, lid and residue ceases to fail. Chemist call this 'heating to constant mass'

NOTE: check safety before carrying out any practical procedure.

Results of crucible Plus Lid= 18.55 g

Results of crucible, lid and hydrated salts crystal= 23.95 g

Mass of crucible, lid and residue after heating to constant weight= 21.49 g

CALCULATIONS

Mass of hydrated iron (II) sulfate before heating=5.40 g

Mass of anhydrous FeSO4 after heating= 2.94 g

Loss in mass of water=2.46 g

                                                                         FeSO4                                                                H2O

Masses combining/g                                      2.94                                                                        2.46

Molar mass/g ^mol                                         152                                                                         18

Amounts combining/mol                     2.94/152 =0.0193                                                       2.46/18= 0.137

Amounts Mol/ (Smaller amount/mol) 0.0193/0.0193= 1.00                                           0.137/0.0193 =7.10

Simplest whole numbers ratio                                   1                                                                              7

Value of x in FeSO4xH2O= 7

Formula of hydrated salt= FeSO4.7H20

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Precise information for measuring masses and quantities for chemistry practical.

QUANTITIES AND MASSES

Chemists have balances for determining mass in grams or kilograms. They have graduated glassware for measuring the volumes of liquids and gases. There is, however, no simple measuring instrument for determining chemical amounts directly. Instead chemists first measure masses or volumes and then calculate the chemical amount.

Masses of chemicals and amounts in moles.

The most direct way to find amount of substances to weigh it on balance.

Amounts of substances/mol =( Mass of substances/g)/ (molar mass / g ^ mol)

This relationship gives rearrange to:

Mss of substance/g = (amounts of substances/mol) *( molar mass / g ^mol)

NOTE:Include the units in relationship and use them to check that the units on both sides equal sign are consistent.

Quantities of gases.

If the temperature and pressure are fixed, then the volume of a gas depends only on the amounts of gas in nmoles. In other words the volumes of a gas is determined by the number of gas molecules present.

The law applies so long as the molecules of a gas are so far apart that their volume is insignificant compared to the volume of the gas and so long as the intermolecular forces can be ignored. For many common gases these criteria apply under normal laboratory conditions. Under conditions where the gas is close liquefying the simple rules do not apply.

Avogadro's law follows from the ideal gas conditions:

pV=nRT ( where,R is the gas constant )

If p and T are constant, the volume is proportional to n, the amounts of gas in moles.

The molar volumes of a gas is the volume of 1 mole of the gas. when n=1

p=(RT/V)

substituting in this relationship gives for the molar volumes of any gases which behaves like an ideal gas. Two sets of conditions are commonly used for comparing amounts of gases:

• For accurate work the quantities are calculated or standard temperature and pressure,s.t.p. The standard temperature for gases is 273 K and the standard pressure is 101.3 kPa(1 atmosphere). Under these conditions the molar volumes of gas is 22400 cm^3
• For approximate work, when making estimates under laboratory conditions it is often convenient to use the fact the molar volume of a gas at around 20 degree celsius and 1 atmosphere pressure is about 24000 cm^3.

Amount of gas/ mol= (volume of gas/cm)/(molar volume/cm mol)

NOTE:Avogadro's law states that the equal volumes of gases contain equal amount of gas molecules, in moles, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

Quantities in solution Chemists measure the concentration of solution in moles per litre:

concentration/mol/dm^3= (amounts of solute/ mol )/ (volume of solution/ dm^3)

This rearranges to give:

amount of solute/mol= (volume of substances/dm^3) *( concentration /mol /Dm^3)

NOTE: A litre is cubic decimetre, dm^3.

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT CHEMICAL AMOUNTS.

PRINCIPLES

Answering the question 'how much' is central to both chemical analysis and chemical synthesis. The purpose of qualitative analysis is to answer question 'how much'? by determining the quantities of chemicals in a sample. In advanced chemistry by main method of quantitative analysis is a transition. Titrations provide a precise way to determine the concentration of solution and to investigate the quantities of chemical involved in reactions.

Chemicals also have to answer the question 'how much?' to decide on the quantities of each reactant mixture and to predict the expected yield of product from a chemical synthesis.

CHEMICAL AMOUNTS

When answering the question 'how much?', chemists need to measure amounts of chemical which equal numbers of atoms, molecules or ions. The unit of chemical is the mole. One mole is the amount of substances that contains as many specified atoms, molecules or ions as are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.

The key to working with chemical amounts in moles is to know the relative masses of atoms on the carbon-12 scale.

The molar mass of an element is numerically equal to the relative mass of element. The relative mass of carbon is 12. The molar mass of an carbon atoms is ( 12 g ^mol).

The molar masses of an element or compound is found by adding up the molar masses of the elements in the given formula. The formula of sulfuric acid is H2SO4. Its molar mass;

= (2 *1 g ^ mol) + (1 * 32g ^ mol) + (4*16g ^ mol)

= 98g^mol.

NOTE: Every physical quantity in science has a name, a symbol and a unit. In the case of amount of substances the name of the unit is 'mole' the symbol is 'n' and the unit is 'mol'.

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IMPORTANT TIPS FOR CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL.

Evaluating evidence and procedures

When you evaluate your work you have to make judgments. You might start by making a short list of the criteria that you use to decide whether or not your practical work has been successful.

Your evaluation should always have two parts:

First you decide whether or not any results based on measurement are reliable and meaningful, or whether the outcomes of a preparation are adequate considering the methods used.

Second, you should review the practical techniques that you have used and decide whether they were the right ones to use; this should include comments on any results than seem anomalous.

Commenting on the reliability of data.

In a quantitative investigation your analysis should include an estimate of the overall uncertainty in your results.

Comment here on any anomalous results that do not seem to fit in with the rest of your measurement or observation. You should suggest an explanation for any anomalies that you have detected.

Comparing outcomes with expectations.

In some investigation you may be able to refer to published data in reference books, or other sources, which allow you to compare your findings with the generally accepted results.

Published description of chemical preparations often quotes the likely yield. This allows you to compare your percentage yield with the outcomes that can be reasonably expected. Sometimes the expectations are predictions based on theory. If so, you should discuss this whether or not you judge that your findings are consistent with your predictions.

Identifying possible improvements.

You should consider whether or not the method you used could have been improved, either by making minor modifications or by using a completely different approach. Here you can also refer to methods that you could not carry out with the usual range of equipment available in advanced chemistry laboratories. You might refer to other option such as the use of instrumental methods of analysis including the various types of spectroscopy.

NOTE: Ask for some help if you are stuck. It is better to lose a mark or two for assistance rather than ending with nothing because all your work is misguided.

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